Administration of Justice Practices
      - Judiciary
      - Legislature
Public Prosecution
      - Role, Status and Independence of Public Prosecution
      - Automation / Computerization of their Working Systems
Human Rights
      - Accused, Offender, Prisoner
      - Children, Juveniles
      - Women
      - Minorities, Refugees, Non-Citizens
      - Humanitarian Law
      - Prevention of Discrimination
      - Political, Civil, Economic, Social, Cultural Rights
Fighting Crimes
      - Investigation of Crimes
      - Prevention of Crimes
Types of Crimes
      - Fighting Corruption
      - Transparency Standards, Instruments
      - Organized Crime
      - Fighting Money Laundering
      - Financial Transparency
      - Terrorism
      - Cyber Crimes / Computer Crimes
      - Intellectual Property Crimes
      - Crimes against Women
      - Juvenile Delinquency
      - Crimes against the Environment
      - Trafficking in Persons
      - Trafficking in Drugs
      - Trafficking in Arms, Weapons
      - Crimes against Humanity (Genocide, Torture…)
Rule of Law and Governance
      - Democratic Governance
      - Development
      - Peace, Security
      - Protection of Human Rights
      - Role of Public Prosecution and Specialized Institutions
      - Importance of Parliaments
      - Local Governance
Reform
      - Legal, Judicial Reform
      - Legislation, Constitutional Reforms
       Political, Economic, Educational Reform
Gender
      - Issues Related to Gender
      - Women and Parliament
Victims
Witnesses
Civil Society

Political, Economic, Educational Reform

Reforms at a Standstill for the Taëf Government of Lebanon [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): Karam Karam, Myriam Catusse. 2009

The Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards productive intercommunication for knowledge [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2009
The report maintains that political, institutional, cultural and intellectual reforms, as well as reform of the media and information technologies are vital if Arab societies are to bridge the knowledge gap. The report addresses the factors that impede the establishment of a knowledge society in the Arab world and assesses the state of education, information and communication technologies, research and innovation in the region. It concludes with a roadmap for action so that the Arab world can integrate itself in a rapidly globalising knowledge society.

A Crucial Decade of Reforms in Morocco [ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2008
This report discusses current reform in Morocco through examining the issue of reform as perceived by a sample of political activities of different intellectual orientations, as well as by analyzing the outcomes of existing reform workshops.

Arab Forum Bulletin: February 2008 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2008
This is the Arab Reform Bulletin for the month of February 2008 published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Arab Reform Bulletin: February 2008 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2008
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: March 2008 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2008
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: March 2008 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2008

Institutionalizing Hereditary Succession in Saudi Arabia’s Political Governance System: The Allegiance Commission [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): Awadh Al-Badi. 2008
This report describes the establishment of the Allegiance Commission which indicates that the Saudi royal family has begun to address complicated issues in heredity and governance, as the House of Saud prepares to pass political power from the founder’s sons to his grandsons.

Pardon Law [ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2008

Political Reform in Sudan [ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2008

The Road Not Traveled: Education Reform in the Middle East and North Africa [ English ][ Arabic ][ French ]
Author(s): . 2008
The World Bank ranked Jordan and Kuwait as top educational reformers in the Arab world, according to a report by the organization released Monday in the Jordanian capital. The report said the region still has not witnessed the positive changes seen in Asia and Latin America.

Arab Reform Bulletin: April 2007 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2007
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: December 2007 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2007
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: February 2007 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2007
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: July 2007 [ English ]
Author(s): . 2007
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: June 2007 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2007
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: March 2007 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2007
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: May 2007 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2007
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: November 2007 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2007
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: October 2007 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2007
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: September 2007 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2007
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Don’t Give Up on Democracy Promotion [ English ]
Author(s): Michele Dunne, Amr Hamzawy, Nathan Brown. 2007
Nathan Brown, Michele Dunne, and Amr Hamzawy assess the current state of democratic reforms and the potential for transition in Egypt. They recommend a number of steps the U.S. can take to strengthen the chances for political reform and salvage previous U.S. efforts towards democracy promotion in the Arab world.

Evaluating Political Reform in Yemen [ English ]
Author(s): Sarah Phillips. 2007
The changes that Yemen has witnessed since 1990 do not represent a clear democratic transition but contain elements of several broad patterns of political change in the Arab world, where limited openings, controlled pluralism, and regime endurance are related processes and where all too often repression tends to follow periods of relaxed control.

Innovations in governance in the Middle East, North Africa, and western Balkans: making governments work better in the Mediterranean region [ English ]
Author(s): UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007
Lessons from governance innovations in the Middle East, north Africa and the western Balkans - this publication provides a conceptual framework on innovation in governance and tackles key questions, including why governments need to innovate; what are the emerging principles and strategies in governance and public administration innovation for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); and what is innovation in governance.

Lebanon Resists Security Threats but Must Revive National Unity Government [ English ]
Author(s): Paul Salem. 2007
This commentary describes how Lebanon has so far weathered the serious security challenges effectively, but how it needs regional and international assistance to continue to protect its security, move toward the formation of a national unity government, and avoid the collapse of state institutions.

Security Sector Reform in the Arab Region: Challenges to Developing an Indigenous Agenda [ English ]
Author(s): Yezid Sayigh. 2007
This paper assesses the context for security sector reform (SSR) in the Arab region, identifying general characteristics and trends and reinforcing the argument that SSR can only be approached as a fundamentally political challenge. The paper concludes with a summary of the principal aims and challenges confronting the promotion and implementation of SSR in the Arab region.

The Heroism of Arab Democrats  [ English ]
Author(s): Rami G. Khouri. 2007

Arab Reform Bulletin: April 2006 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2006
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: December 2006 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2006
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: February 2006 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2006
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: July 2006 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2006
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: June 2006 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2006
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: March 2006 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2006
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: May 2006 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2006
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: November 2006 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2006
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: October 2006 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2006
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: September 2006 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2006
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Comparative Discussions on Political Modernization in Saudi Arabia [ English ]
Author(s): C. Camille Edmond. 2006

Evaluating Egyptian Reform [ English ]
Author(s): Michele Dunne. 2006
This paper assesses recent reform measures and the next priorities for Egypt. It attempts to address what would constitute qualitative political change in this country and what role outside forces can play to support a domestic reform process.

Political Reform and the Reconfiguration of National Identity in Syria [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): Yasseen Haj-Saleh. 2006
The paper proposes the reconfiguration of the Syrian national identity based on an all-encompassing principle that considers Arabism as part of being Syrian, and one of the cornerstones of the democratic Syrian national identity.

Prospects for Political Reform in Kuwait an Analysis of Recent Events 2006 [ English ]
Author(s): Ali Zaid Al Zu’abi. 2006
This report explains how in order for reform to take place, Kuwait needs to change its traditional decision-making process, overcome political and financial corruption, reduce the role of fundamentalists - both Sunni and Shi’a – in politics, see the awakening of liberal and secular forces, and witness a return of the merchant class’s traditional political influence.

Reform in Syria: Steering between the Chinese Model and Regime Change [ English ]
Author(s): . 2006
The paper examines the issue of political reform in Syria that straddles the line between reform of political institutions and removal from power of a particular regime and entails both domestic and external actors.

Syria: What Reforms While a Storm is Building? [ English ]
Author(s): Samir EL Aita. 2006
This policy brief discusses the domestic prospects for change and the potential for reforms in Syria and analyzes the impact of regional and international developments on the domestic situation.

A Better Way to Support Middle East Reform [ English ]
Author(s): . 2005
This paper argues that the restructuring of MEPI should be part of a broader set of measures to establish a more visible, coherent institutional policy structure to pursue the critical goal of fundamental political and economic change in the Middle East.

Arab Reform Bulletin: April 2005 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2005
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: December 2005 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2005
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: February 2005 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2005
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: July 2005 [ English ]
Author(s): . 2005
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: June 2005 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2005
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: March 2005 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2005
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: May 2005 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2005
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: November 2005 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2005
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: October 2005 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2005
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: September 2005 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2005
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Assessment of Technical Offices of Ministers: Doubts about their Ability to Improve the Process of Law-Making for Economic Reform in Egypt [ English ]
Author(s): Dr. Ahmed Ghoneim. 2005

Declaration of the Arab Summit, Algiers, 22-23 March 2005 [ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2005

Final Statement of the Arab Summit, Algiers, 22-23 March 2005 [ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2005

From Pushing Reforms to Pulling Reforms: The Role of Challenge Programs in Foreign Aid Policy [ English ]
Author(s): Steve Radelet. 2005
This paper considers what role pull instruments or challenge programs (such as the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Support Credits or the United States' Millennium Challenge Account) could play within the overall framework of foreign aid, asking how they could be designed to function as effective and efficient incentive instruments and how they could best complement other aid modalities.

Global E-Government Readiness Report 2005: From E-Government to E-Inclusion [ English ]
Author(s): . 2005
This report presents an assessment of the countries according to their state of e-government readiness and the extent of e-participation worldwide. Its basic message is that there are huge disparities in the access and use of information technologies, and that these disparities are not likely to be removed in the near future unless a concerted action is taken at the national, regional and the international levels.

Analysis of Arab Reform Documents [ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2004
From Al-Rayi newspaper, Jordan, March 31, 2004.

Arab Reform Bulletin - Special issue on Arab media and reform - December 2004 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2004
This special issue of the Arab Reform Bulletin, published by Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, December 2004, explores the role of Arab media in political reform.

Arab Reform Bulletin: April 2004 [ English ]
Author(s): . 2004
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: February 2004 [ English ]
Author(s): . 2004
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: January 2004 [ English ]
Author(s): . 2004
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: July 2004 [ English ]
Author(s): . 2004
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: June 2004 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2004
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: March 2004 [ English ]
Author(s): . 2004
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: May 2004 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2004
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: November 2004 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2004
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: October 2004 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2004
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: September 2004 [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2004
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Civil Society in Arab Countries and Its Role in Reform...Reality and Expectations [ English ]
Author(s): . 2004
Closing statement issued by the workshop on the "Role of Civil Society in Reforms in the Arab World", held in Alexandria 21-22 June 2004.

Concocting a 'Greater Middle East' Brew [ English ]
Author(s): . 2004
Asia Times, March 4, 2004.

Greater Middle East [ English ]
Author(s): . 2004
The U.S. Working Paper For G-8 Sherpas as published by Al-Hayat, February 13, 2004.

Inspiring Reform [ English ]
Author(s): . 2004
By Ibrahim Nafie, Cairo: AL-AHRAM Weekly Online - 19 - 24 February 2004 - Issue No. 678.

President Mubarak's speech at the "Arab Reform Issues: Visions and Implementation" Conference [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2004

Qatar Initiative for Political Reform in the Arab World [ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2004
This is the text of the "Qatar Initiative for Political Reform in the Arab World", which was adopted in March 2004.

Reform and Reformulating [ English ]
Author(s): . 2004
By Gamal Essam El-Din, published in Cairo by AL-AHRAM Weekly Online - 19 - 24 February 2004 - Issue No. 678.

Speech by Joschka Fischer [ English ]
Author(s): . 2004
Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs, at the 40th Munich Conference on Security Policy, Munich. February 7, 2004.

Speech of Jack Straw: Partnership for Reform in the Arab World [ English ]
Author(s): . 2004
Presented at the conference of the Civility Programme on Middle East Reform, held at the Foreign Policy Centre, London. January 3, 2004.

Arab Reform Bulletin: July 2003 [ English ]
Author(s): . 2003
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: June 2003 [ English ]
Author(s): . 2003
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: November 2003 [ English ]
Author(s): . 2003
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: October 2003 [ English ]
Author(s): . 2003
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Arab Reform Bulletin: September 2003 [ English ]
Author(s): . 2003
Arab Reform Bulletin addresses political reform in the Middle East. The monthly offers analysis from U.S.-based and Middle Eastern political experts, as well as news synopses and annotated resource guides.

Lebanon's Office of the Minister of State for Administrative Reform: Annual Report (2003) [ English ]
Author(s): . 2003
This is the 2003 report of the Ministry of State for Administrative Reform (OMSAR) and the assistance of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) that resulted in a program titled "Support to Civil Service Reform: Enhancing Policy Making and Management Capacity".

President Bush Discusses Freedom in Iraq and Middle East [ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2003
Remarks by the US President at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy. November 6, 2003.

Harnessing Trade for Development and Growth in the Middle East [ English ]
Author(s): Bernard Hoekman and Patrick Messerlin. 2002
This report focuses on trade-oriented policy reform options that could be used by governments as part of a strategy to attain and sustain more vigorous growth.

Legal and Judicial Reform : Observations, Experiences, and Approach of the Legal Vice Presidency, Volume 1 [ English ]
Author(s): . 2002
This World Bank’s volume depicts the role of law and justice in economic growth and poverty reduction through three main topics: legal and judicial reform the Bank is engaged; the Bank's methodology in approaching legal and judicial reform; and the coordination of law and justice sector activities within the Bank.

Privatization: Considerations for Arab States [ English ]
Author(s): Dr. Kamal Shehadi. 2002
The report draws from the historical record the recommendations that are most relevant to the challenges that Arab States face in planning and executing successful privatizations.

The Public's Right to Knowledge: Access to Official Information and Documents [ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 2002
This booklet discusses a number of legal, constitutional and political aspects pertaining to freedom of information and the right to be informed. It also discusses some sectors that directly benefit from passing such a law, for example the environmental and media sectors.

Administrative Reforms, 1998 [ English ]
Author(s): . 1998
A summary of the Jordan Case Study "Decentralized Good Governance" that was prepared by Jordan Institute of Public Administration under the UNDP Decentralized Governance Research Programme, 1998.

Fighting Corruption to Improve Good Governance [ English ][ Arabic ]
Author(s): . 1998
A policy paper that addresses institutional and systemic aspects of corruption. Institutional explanations describe corruption as a deep-seated problem rather than merely the workings of a few bad individuals, while systemic explanations examine corruption as a form of influence within a political system. Addressing both involves strengthening institutions across and within sectors, including parliaments and the executive and judicial branches. An independent skilled media, private sector watchdog agencies and civil society are critical in ensuring sustainable reform.

European Union - Barcelona declaration [ English ][ Arabic ][ French ]
Author(s): . 1995
Barcelona Declaration, Euro-Mediterranean Conference 27, and 28 November 1995. The declaration is at the root of many European efforts to promote good governance in the Arab Countries of the Mediterranean basin.

Center for UN Reform Education: [ English ]
Author(s): .
This website contains independent information and analysis on proposals to strengthen the United Nations.

Human Rights Clause in the Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement between the EU and Arab States [ English ]
Author(s): .

UNDP - Morocco Country Office [ French ]
Author(s): .

Yemen Political, Administrative, and Fiscal Reform [ English ]
Author(s): .
A brief review of UNDP's assistance to the government of Yemen in designing national governance programme encompassing the executive, legislative, and judicial branches and managed through the Prime Minister's Office. A key aspect of this support focused on assistance to the decentralization process.